java programming

vasko edo minter gultom

JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to improve the design, validate forms, detect browsers, create cookies, and much more.

JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet, and works in all major browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Firefox, Netscape, and Opera.

What You Should Already Know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

  • HTML / XHTML

If you want to study these subjects first, find the tutorials on our Home page.

What is JavaScript?

  • JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
  • JavaScript is a scripting language
  • A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
  • A JavaScript consists of lines of executable computer code
  • A JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
  • JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation)
  • Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license

Are Java and JavaScript the Same?

NO!

Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept and design!

Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming language - in the same category as C and C++.

What can a JavaScript Do?

  • JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages
  • JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this: document.write("

    " + name + "

    ") can write a variable text into an HTML page
  • JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element
  • JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element
  • JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing
  • JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browser
  • JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer

The Real Name is ECMAScript

JavaScript's official name is "ECMAScript". The standard is developed and maintained by the ECMA organisation.

ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard. The standard is based on JavaScript (Netscape) and JScript (Microsoft).

The language was invented by Brendan Eich at Netscape (with Navigator 2.0), and has appeared in all Netscape and Microsoft browsers since 1996.

The development of ECMA-262 started in 1996, and the first edition of was adopted by the ECMA General Assembly in June 1997.

The standard was approved as an international ISO (ISO/IEC 16262) standard in 1998.

The development of the standard is still in progress.

The HTML 

     
The code above will produce this output on an HTML page:
  
  
      
Hello World! 
   		  
 
  
Example Explained
  
To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, we use the  tells where the JavaScript starts and ends:
  
  
   


  
 
  
The word document.write is a standard JavaScript command for writing output to a page.
  
By entering the document.write command between the  tags, the browser will recognize it as a JavaScript command and execute the code line. In this case the browser will write Hello World! to the page:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
Note: If we had not entered the 
     
The two forward slashes at the end of comment line (//) is the JavaScript comment symbol. This prevents JavaScript from executing the --> tag.
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScripts in the body section will be executed WHILE the page loads.
  
JavaScripts in the head section will be executed when CALLED.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
Head section

Scripts that contain functions go in the head section of the document. Then we can be sure that the script is loaded before the function is called.
  
Body section

Execute a script that is placed in the body section.
  
External script

How to access an external script.
  
  
  
  
Where to Put the JavaScript
  
JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event.
  
Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it. 
  
  
   


  
 
  
Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page.
  
  
   


  
 
  
Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section.
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
Using an External JavaScript
  
Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to write the same script on every page.
  
To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension.
  
Note: The external script cannot contain the 
     
Note: Remember to place the script exactly where you normally would write the script!
  
 
  
JavaScript is a sequence of statements to be executed by the browser.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Statements
  
A JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do.
  
This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" to the web page:
  
  
   
document.write("Hello Dolly");
  
 
  
It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web.
  
The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end.
  
Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line. 
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Code
  
JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements.
  
Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written.
  
This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Blocks
  
JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks.
  
Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }.
  
The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. 
  
This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
The example above is not very useful. It just demonstrates the use of a block. Normally a block is used to group statements together in a function or in a condition (where a group of statements should be executed if a condition is met).
  
You will learn more 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Comments
  
Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable. 
  
Single line comments start with //.
  
This example uses single line comments to explain the code:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Multi-Line Comments
  
Multi line comments start with /* and end with */.
  
This example uses a multi line comment to explain the code:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
  
  
  
Using Comments to Prevent Execution
  
In this example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
In this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code lines:
  
  
   


  
 
  
Try it yourself. 
  
  
  
  
Using Comments at the End of a Line
  
In this example the comment is placed at the end of a line:
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
Variables are "containers" for storing information:
  
x=5;  length=66.10;
  
  
  
  
Do You Remember Algebra From School?
  
Hopefully you remember algebra like this from school: x=5, y=6, z=x+y.
  
Do you remember that a letter (like x) could be used to hold a value (like 5), and that you could use the information above calculate the value of z to be 11?
  
Sure you do!
  
These letters are called variables, and variables can be used to hold values (x=5) or expressions (z=x+y).
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Variables
  
As with algebra, JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions.
  
A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more describing name like length.   
  
A JavaScript variable can also hold a text value like in carname="Volvo".
  
Rules for JavaScript variable names:
  
  • Variable names are case      sensitive (y and Y are two different variables)
  • Variable names must begin      with a letter or the underscore character
  
NOTE:  Because JavaScript is case-sensitive, variable names are case-sensitive.
  
  
  
  
Example
  
A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can refer to a variable by its name to display or change its value.
  
This example will show you how
  
  
  
  
Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables
  
Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables.
  
You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement:
  
  
   
var x;
var carname;
  
 
  
After the declaration shown above, the variables have no values, but you can assign values to the variables while you declare them:
  
  
   
var x=5;
var carname="Volvo";
  
 
  
Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, you use quotes around the value.
  
  
  
  
Assigning Values to JavaScript Variables
  
You assign values to JavaScript variables with assignment statements:
  
  
   
x=5;
carname="Volvo";
  
 
  
The variable name is on the left side of the = sign, and the value you want to assign to the variable is on the right.
  
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo.
  
  
  
  
Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables
  
If you assign values to variables that has not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared.
  
These statements:
  
  
   
x=5;
carname="Volvo";
  
 
  
have the same effect as:
  
  
   
var x=5;
var carname="Volvo";
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
Redeclaring JavaScript Variables
  
If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value.
  
  
   
var x=5;
var x;
  
 
  
After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Arithmetic
  
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic with JavaScript variables:
  
  
   
y=x-5;
z=y+5;
  
 
  
You will learn more about the operators that can be used between JavaScript variables in the next chapter of this tutorial.
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Operators
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
The operator = is used to assign values.
  
The operator + is used to add values.
  
  
  
  
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
  
The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.
  
  
   
y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;
  
 
  
The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Arithmetic Operators
  
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables and/or values.
  
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators: 
  
  
      
Operator
   		      
Description
   		      
Example
   		      
Result
   		  
  
      
+
   		      
Addition 
   		      
x=y+2 
   		      
x=7 
   		  
  
      
-
   		      
Subtraction 
   		      
x=y-2
   		      
x=3
   		  
  
      
*
   		      
Multiplication 
   		      
x=y*2
   		      
x=10
   		  
  
      
/
   		      
Division 
   		      
x=y/2
   		      
x=2.5
   		  
  
      
%
   		      
Modulus (division remainder) 
   		      
x=y%2
   		      
x=1
   		  
  
      
++
   		      
Increment
   		      
x=++y
   		      
x=6 
   		  
  
      
--
   		      
Decrement
   		      
x=--y
   		      
x=4 
   		  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Assignment Operators
  
Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
  
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment operators:
  
  
      
Operator
   		      
Example
   		      
Same As
   		      
Result
   		  
  
      
=
   		      
x=y
   		      
 
  

      
x=5
   		  
  
      
+=
   		      
x+=y
   		      
x=x+y
   		      
x=15
   		  
  
      
-=
   		      
x-=y
   		      
x=x-y
   		      
x=5
   		  
  
      
*=
   		      
x*=y
   		      
x=x*y
   		      
x=50
   		  
  
      
/=
   		      
x/=y
   		      
x=x/y
   		      
x=2
   		  
  
      
%=
   		      
x%=y
   		      
x=x%y
   		      
x=0
   		  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
The + Operator Used on Strings
  
The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text values together.
  
To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.
  
  
   
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
  
 
  
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains "What a verynice day".
  
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the strings:
  
  
   
txt1="What a very ";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
  
 
  
or insert a space into the expression:
  
  
   
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2;
  
 
  
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains:
  
"What a very nice day"
  
  
  
  
Adding Strings and Numbers
  
Look at these examples:
  
  
   
x=5+5;
document.write(x);
 
x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);
 
x=5+"5";
document.write(x);
 
x="5"+5;
document.write(x);
  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
The rule is:
  
If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.
  
JavaScript Operators
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
The operator = is used to assign values.
  
The operator + is used to add values.
  
  
  
  
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
  
The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together.
  
  
   
y=5;
z=2;
x=y+z;
  
 
  
The value of x, after the execution of the statements above is 7.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Arithmetic Operators
  
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables and/or values.
  
Given that y=5, the table below explains the arithmetic operators: 
  
  
      
Operator
   		      
Description
   		      
Example
   		      
Result
   		  
  
      
+
   		      
Addition 
   		      
x=y+2 
   		      
x=7 
   		  
  
      
-
   		      
Subtraction 
   		      
x=y-2
   		      
x=3
   		  
  
      
*
   		      
Multiplication 
   		      
x=y*2
   		      
x=10
   		  
  
      
/
   		      
Division 
   		      
x=y/2
   		      
x=2.5
   		  
  
      
%
   		      
Modulus (division remainder) 
   		      
x=y%2
   		      
x=1
   		  
  
      
++
   		      
Increment
   		      
x=++y
   		      
x=6 
   		  
  
      
--
   		      
Decrement
   		      
x=--y
   		      
x=4 
   		  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Assignment Operators
  
Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables.
  
Given that x=10 and y=5, the table below explains the assignment operators:
  
  
      
Operator
   		      
Example
   		      
Same As
   		      
Result
   		  
  
      
=
   		      
x=y
   		      
 
  

      
x=5
   		  
  
      
+=
   		      
x+=y
   		      
x=x+y
   		      
x=15
   		  
  
      
-=
   		      
x-=y
   		      
x=x-y
   		      
x=5
   		  
  
      
*=
   		      
x*=y
   		      
x=x*y
   		      
x=50
   		  
  
      
/=
   		      
x/=y
   		      
x=x/y
   		      
x=2
   		  
  
      
%=
   		      
x%=y
   		      
x=x%y
   		      
x=0
   		  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
The + Operator Used on Strings
  
The + operator can also be used to add string variables or text values together.
  
To add two or more string variables together, use the + operator.
  
  
   
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
  
 
  
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains "What a verynice day".
  
To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the strings:
  
  
   
txt1="What a very ";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+txt2;
  
 
  
or insert a space into the expression:
  
  
   
txt1="What a very";
txt2="nice day";
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2;
  
 
  
After the execution of the statements above, the variable txt3 contains:
  
"What a very nice day"
  
  
  
  
Adding Strings and Numbers
  
Look at these examples:
  
  
   
x=5+5;
document.write(x);
 
x="5"+"5";
document.write(x);
 
x=5+"5";
document.write(x);
 
x="5"+5;
document.write(x);
  
 
  
Try it yourself.
  
The rule is:
  
If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.
  
 
  
JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Comparison and Logical operators are used to test for true or false.
  
  
  
  
Comparison Operators
  
Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine equality or difference between variables or values. 
  
Given that x=5, the table below explains the comparison operators:
  
  
      
Operator
   		      
Description
   		      
Example
   		  
  
      
==
   		      
is equal to 
   		      
x==8 is false 
   		  
  
      
===
   		      
is exactly equal to (value and type)
   		      
x===5 is true

 x==="5" is false
   		  
  
      
!=
   		      
is not equal 
   		      
x!=8 is true 
   		  
  
      
> 
   		      
is greater than 
   		      
x>8 is false 
   		  
  
      
< 
   		      
is less than 
   		      
x<8>   
  
  
      
>=
   		      
is greater than or equal to 
   		      
x>=8 is false
   		  
  
      
<=
   		      
is less than or equal to 
   		      
x<=8 is true
   		  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
How Can it be Used
  
Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to compare values and take action depending on the result:
  
  
   
if (age<18)>
  
 
  
You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the next chapter of this tutorial.
  
  
  
  
Logical Operators
  
Logical operators are used in determine the logic between variables or values.
  
Given that x=6 and y=3, the table below explains the logical operators: 
  
  
      
Operator
   		      
Description
   		      
Example
   		  
  
      
&&
   		      
and 
   		      
(x <> 1) is true
   		  
  
      
||
   		      
or 
   		      
(x==5 || y==5) is false
   		  
  
      
!
   		      
not 
   		      
!(x==y) is true
   		  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
Conditional Operator
  
JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on some condition.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
variablename=(condition)?value1:value2 
  
 
  
Example
  
  
   
greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear ";
  
 
  
If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable greeting will be assigned the value "Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".
  
JavaScript If...Else Statements
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Conditional statements in JavaScript are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
If statement

How to write an if statement.
  
If...else statement

How to write an if...else statement.
  
If..else if...else statement

How to write an if..else if...else statement.
  
Random link

This example demonstrates a link, when you click on the link it will take you to W3Schools.com OR to RefsnesData.no. There is a 50% chance for each of them.
  
  
  
  
Conditional Statements
  
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
  
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
  
  • if statement - use      this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified      condition is true
  • if...else statement -      use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is      true and another code if the condition is false
  • if...else if....else      statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many      blocks of code to be executed
  • switch statement - use      this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be      executed
  
  
  
  
If Statement
  
You should use the if statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
  
 
  
Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will generate a JavaScript error!
  
Example 1
  
  
   


  
 
  
Example 2
  
  
   


  
 
  
Note: When comparing variables you must always use two equals signs next to each other (==)!
  
Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You just tell the code to execute some code only if the specified condition is true.
  
  
  
  
If...else Statement
  
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is not true, use the if....else statement.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}
  
 
  
Example
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
If...else if...else Statement
  
You should use the if....else if...else statement if you want to select one of many sets of lines to execute.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition1 and
condition2 are not true
}
  
 
  
Example
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Switch Statement
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Conditional statements in JavaScript are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
Switch statement

How to write a switch statement.
  
  
  
  
The JavaScript Switch Statement
  
You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
switch(n)
{
case 1:
  execute code block 1
  break;    
case 2:
  execute code block 2
  break;
default:
  code to be executed if n is
  different from case 1 and 2
}
  
 
  
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.
  
Example
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Popup Boxes
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
In JavaScript we can create three kinds of popup boxes: Alert box, Confirm box, and Prompt box.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
Alert box
  
Alert box with line breaks
  
Confirm box
  
Prompt box
  
  
  
  
Alert Box
  
An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user.
  
When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed. 
  
Syntax:
  
  
   
alert("sometext");
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
Confirm Box
  
A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something.
  
When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed. 
  
If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false.
  
Syntax:
  
  
   
confirm("sometext");
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
Prompt Box
  
A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page.
  
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value. 
  
If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box returns null.
  
Syntax:
  
  
   
prompt("sometext","defaultvalue");
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Functions
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
A function is a reusable code-block that will be executed by an event, or when the function is called.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
Function

How to call a function.
  
Function with arguments

How to pass a variable to a function, and use the variable in the function.
  
Function with arguments 2

How to pass variables to a function, and use these variables in the function.
  
Function that returns a value

How to let the function return a value.
  
A function with arguments, that returns a value

How to let the function find the product of two arguments and return the result.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Functions
  
To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function.
  
A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function.
  
You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).
  
Functions can be defined both in the  and in the  section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the  section.
  
Example
  
  
   
onclick="displaymessage()" >
  
 
  


If the line: alert("Hello world!!") in the example above had not been put within a function, it would have been executed as soon as the line was loaded. Now, the script is not executed before the user hits the button. We have added an onClick event to the button that will execute the function displaymessage() when the button is clicked.
  
You will learn more about JavaScript events in the JS Events chapter.
  
  
  
  
How to Define a Function
  
The syntax for creating a function is:
  
  
   
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}
  
 
  
var1, var2, etc are variables or values passed into the function. The { and the } defines the start and end of the function.
  
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after the function name:
  
  
   
function functionname()
{
some code
}
  
 
  
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript! The word function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error occurs! Also note that you must call a function with the exact same capitals as in the function name.
  
  
  
  
The return Statement
  
The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function.
  
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement.
  
Example
  
The function below should return the product of two numbers (a and b):
  
  
   
function prod(a,b)
{
x=a*b;
return x;
}
  
 
  
When you call the function above, you must pass along two parameters:
  
  
   
product=prod(2,3);
  
 
  
The returned value from the prod() function is 6, and it will be stored in the variable called product.
  
  
  
  
The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables
  
When you declare a variable within a function, the variable can only be accessed within that function. When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These variables are called local variables. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because each is recognized only by the function in which it is declared.
  
If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page can access it. The lifetime of these variables starts when they are declared, and ends when the page is closed.
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript For Loop
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while a specified condition is true.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
For loop

How to write a for loop. Use a For loop to run the same block of code a specified number of times.
  
Looping through HTML headers

How to use the for loop to loop through the different HTML headers.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript Loops
  
Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can use loops to perform a task like this.
  
In JavaScript there are two different kind of loops:
  
  • for - loops through a      block of code a specified number of times
  • while - loops through      a block of code while a specified condition is true
  
  
  
  
The for Loop
  
The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment) 
{
    code to be executed
}
  
 
  
Example
  
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
  
Note: The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <= could be any comparing statement.
  
  
   


  
 
  
Result
  
  
   
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
The while loop
  
The while loop will be explained in the next chapter.
  
JavaScript While Loop
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or while a specified condition is true.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
While loop

How to write a while loop. Use a while loop to run the same block of code while a specified condition is true.
  
Do while loop

How to write a do...while loop. Use a do...while loop to run the same block of code while a specified condition is true. This loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the statements are executed before the condition is tested.
  
  
  
  
The while loop
  
The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and continue executing while the specified condition is true. 
  
  
   
while (var<=endvalue)
{
    code to be executed
}
  
 
  
Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.
  
Example
  
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.
  
  
   


  
 
  
Result
  
  
   
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
  
 
  
The do...while Loop
  
The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will always execute a block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code is executed before the condition is tested.
  
  
   
do
{
    code to be executed
}
while (var<=endvalue);
  
 
  
Example
  
  
   


  
 
  
Result
  
  
   
The number is 0
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Break and Continue
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
Break statement

Use the break statement to break the loop.
  
Continue statement

Use the continue statement to break the current loop and continue with the next value.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript break and continue Statements
  
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
  
Break
  
The break command will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if any).
  
Example
  
  
   


  
 
  
Result
  
  
   
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
  
 
  
Continue
  
The continue command will break the current loop and continue with the next value.
  
Example
  
  
   


  
 
  
Result
  
  
   
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript For...In Statement
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
The for...in statement is used to loop (iterate) through the elements of an array or through the properties of an object.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
For...In statement

How to use a for...in statement to loop through the elements of an array.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript For...In Statement
  
The for...in statement is used to loop (iterate) through the elements of an array or through the properties of an object.
  
The code in the body of the for ... in loop is executed once for each element/property.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
for (variable in object)
{
    code to be executed
}
  
 
  
The variable argument can be a named variable, an array element, or a property of an object.
  
Example
  
Using for...in to loop through an array:
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Events
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
  
  
  
  
Events
  
By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages. Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
  
Every element on a web page has certain events which can trigger JavaScript functions. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define the events in the HTML tags.
  
Examples of events:
  
  • A mouse click
  • A web page or an image      loading
  • Mousing over a hot spot on      the web page
  • Selecting an input box in an      HTML form
  • Submitting an HTML form
  • A keystroke 
  
Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be executed before the event occurs!
  
For a complete reference of the events recognized by JavaScript, go to our complete Event reference.
  
  
  
  
onload and onUnload
  
The onload and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page.
  
The onload event is often used to check the visitor's browser type and browser version, and load the proper version of the web page based on the information.
  
Both the onload and onUnload events are also often used to deal with cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example, you could have a popup asking for the user's name upon his first arrival to your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, you could have another popup saying something like: "Welcome John Doe!".
  
  
  
  
onFocus, onBlur and onChange
  
The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination with validation of form fields.
  
Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail() function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field:
  
  
   
id="email" onchange="checkEmail()">
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
onSubmit
  
The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it.
  
Below is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm() function will be called when the user clicks the submit button in the form. If the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true the form will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled:
  
 
  
  
onMouseOver and onMouseOut
onMouseOver and onMouseOut are often used to create "animated" buttons.
Below is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when an onMouseOver event is detected:
  
   
onsubmit="return checkForm()">
  		 
            
  
   
onmouseover="alert('An onMouseOver event');return false">
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Try...Catch Statement
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
The try...catch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
The try...catch statement

How to write a try...catch statement.
  
The try...catch statement with a confirm box

Another example of how to write a try...catch statement.
  
  
  
  
JavaScript - Catching Errors
  
When browsing Web pages on the internet, we all have seen a JavaScript alert box telling us there is a runtime error and asking "Do you wish to debug?". Error message like this may be useful for developers but not for users. When users see errors, they often leave the Web page.
  
This chapter will teach you how to trap and handle JavaScript error messages, so you don't lose your audience.
  
There are two ways of catching errors in a Web page:
  
  • By using the try...catch      statement (available in IE5+, Mozilla 1.0, and Netscape 6)
  • By using the onerror      event. This is the old standard solution to catch errors (available since      Netscape 3)
  
  
  
  
Try...Catch Statement
  
The try...catch statement allows you to test a block of code for errors. The try block contains the code to be run, and the catch block contains the code to be executed if an error occurs.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
try
{
//Run some code here
}
catch(err)
{
//Handle errors here
}
  
 
  
Note that try...catch is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error!
  
Example 1
  
The example below contains a script that is supposed to display the message "Welcome guest!" when you click on a button. However, there's a typo in the message() function. alert() is misspelled as adddlert(). A JavaScript error occurs:
  
  
   
 
 
  
 
  
To take more appropriate action when an error occurs, you can add a try...catch statement.
  
The example below contains the "Welcome guest!" example rewritten to use the try...catch statement. Since alert() is misspelled, a JavaScript error occurs. However, this time, the catch block catches the error and executes a custom code to handle it. The code displays a custom error message informing the user what happened:
  
  
   
 
 
  
 
  
Example 2
  
The next example uses a confirm box to display a custom message telling users they can click OK to continue viewing the page or click Cancel to go to the homepage. If the confirm method returns false, the user clicked Cancel, and the code redirects the user. If the confirm method returns true, the code does nothing:
  
  
   
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
The onerror Event
  
The onerror event will be explained soon, but first you will learn how to use the throw statement to create an exception. The throw statement can be used together with the try...catch statement.
  
JavaScript Throw Statement
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
The throw statement allows you to create an exception.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
The throw statement

How to use the throw statement.
  
  
  
  
The Throw Statement
  
The throw statement allows you to create an exception. If you use this statement together with the try...catch statement, you can control program flow and generate accurate error messages.
  
Syntax
  
  
   
throw(exception)
  
 
  
The exception can be a string, integer, Boolean or an object.
  
Note that throw is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error!
  
Example 1
  
The example below determines the value of a variable called x. If the value of x is higher than 10 or lower than 0 we are going to throw an error. The error is then caught by the catch argument and the proper error message is displayed:
  
  
   


  
 
  
 
  
  
      
 
  

  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript The onerror Event
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Using the onerror event is the old standard solution to catch errors in a web page.
  
  
  
  
Examples
  
The onerror event (an example with an error)

How to use the onerror event to catch errors in a web page.
  
  
  
  
The onerror Event
  
We have just explained how to use the try...catch statement to catch errors in a web page. Now we are going to explain how to use the onerror event for the same purpose.
  
The onerror event is fired whenever there is a script error in the page.
  
To use the onerror event, you must create a function to handle the errors. Then you call the function with the onerror event handler. The event handler is called with three arguments: msg (error message), url (the url of the page that caused the error) and line (the line where the error occurred).
  
Syntax
  
  
   
onerror=handleErr
function handleErr(msg,url,l)
{
//Handle the error here
return true or false
}
  
 
  
The value returned by onerror determines whether the browser displays a standard error message. If you return false, the browser displays the standard error message in the JavaScript console. If you return true, the browser does not display the standard error message.
  
Example
  
The following example shows how to catch the error with the onerror event:
  
  
   
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Special Characters
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
In JavaScript you can add special characters to a text string by using the backslash sign.
  
  
  
  
Insert Special Characters
  
The backslash (\) is used to insert apostrophes, new lines, quotes, and other special characters into a text string.
  
Look at the following JavaScript code:
  
  
   
var txt="We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.";
document.write(txt);
  
 
  
In JavaScript, a string is started and stopped with either single or double quotes. This means that the string above will be chopped to: We are the so-called
  
To solve this problem, you must place a backslash (\) before each double quote in "Viking". This turns each double quote into a string literal:
  
  
   
var txt="We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.";
document.write(txt);
  
 
  
JavaScript will now output the proper text string: We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.
  
Here is another example:
  
  
   
document.write ("You \& I are singing!"); 
  
 
  
The example above will produce the following output:
  
  
   
You & I are singing!
  
 
  
The table below lists other special characters that can be added to a text string with the backslash sign:
  
  
      
Code
   		      
Outputs
   		  
  
      
\'
   		      
single quote
   		  
  
      
\"
   		      
double quote
   		  
  
      
\&
   		      
ampersand
   		  
  
      
\\
   		      
backslash
   		  
  
      
\n
   		      
new line
   		  
  
      
\r
   		      
carriage return
   		  
  
      
\t
   		      
tab
   		  
  
      
\b
   		      
backspace
   		  
  
      
\f
   		      
form feed
   		  
 
  
 
  
 
  
JavaScript Guidelines
  
previousnext
  
  
  
  
Some other important things to know when scripting with JavaScript. 
  
  
  
  
JavaScript is Case Sensitive
  
A function named "myfunction" is not the same as "myFunction" and a variable named "myVar" is not the same as "myvar".
  
JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization closely when you create or call variables, objects and functions.
  
  
  
  
White Space
  
JavaScript ignores extra spaces. You can add white space to your script to make it more readable. The following lines are equivalent:
  
  
   
name="Hege";
name = "Hege";
  
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
Break up a Code Line
  
You can break up a code line within a text string with a backslash. The example below will be displayed properly:
  
  
   
document.write("Hello \
World!");
  
 
  
However, you cannot break up a code line like this:
  
  
   
document.write \
("Hello World!");
  
 
  
 
  
 
 





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kidoh
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